المباشر و الغير مباشر منقول من مرجع في قواعد اللغة الانجليزيه

Mr naser · #1 08-02-2009, 03:56 PM

GLOW: Grammar Lessons On the Web
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Indirect Speech
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You can report what someone tells you in two ways: direct speech and indirect speech.
Direct speech: She said, "Hunger is the most serious problem we have today."
Indirect speech: She said that hunger was the most serious problem we have today.
With direct speech, we report the exact words of the speaker. With indirect speech, we report what the speaker has said, but we don't use the exact words. With direct speech, we include the exact words in quotation marks. With indirect speech, we don't use quotation marks.
Notice in the sentence above, the main verb in the direct speech is in the present tense (is), but the main verb in the indirect speech is in the past tense (was). The verb always "takes a step backward" in indirect speech.

Direct speech: She said, "1999 was a terrible year for famine."
Indirect speech: She said that 1999 had been a terrible year for famine.
Direct speech: She said, "I'm going to Africa next week to observe the relief efforts.
Indirect speech: She said she was going to Africa next week to observe the relief efforts.
Verb change exceptions
We don't change the verb tense when we are reporting something that is still true or when something is a general truth or scientific law.

Direct speech: She said, "UNICEF works with hundreds of governments and non-governmental organizations.
Indirect speech: She said that UNICEF works with hundreds of governments and non-governmental organizations.

Direct speech: She said, "Thousands of children go to bed hungry every night."
Indirect speech: She said that thousands of children go to be hungry every night.
Direct speech: He said, "Water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit."
Indirect speech: He reminded us that water boils at 212 degrees F.
Pronoun changes
Pronouns change to keep the speaker's original meaning in indirect speech.
Direct speech: She told the Ambassador, "We appreciate your help."
Indirect speech: She told the Ambassador that they appreciated his help.
There are two things to note in this pair of sentences:
1. When you use told you need to specify the object of the sentence. In
this case the object is "the Ambassador".
2. The pronouns "we" and "your" change to "they" and his".
Note: The principle in these changes is that it's actually a change in perspective. In the direct speech example above, there are two perspectives: the speaker's and that of the woman who is quoted. In the indirect speech example, there is only one perspective, that of the speaker.
Here is another example of the pronoun shift:
Direct speech: She told the CAO, "I need your help in this matter."
Indirect speech: She told the CAO that she needed his help in this matter."
Practice #1 Practice #2 List of Lessons
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GLOW: Grammar Lessons On the Web
For the exclusive use of employees of the U.S. Department of State--by Tillyer Associates
Practice #1
Indirect Speech
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Change the following sentences. If they are in direct speech, create indirect speech and vice versa.

1. James said, "I want the best education possible for my children."
__________________________________________________ ____________________

2. He told me he had met with the principal of his kids' school to ask for more classes.
__________________________________________________ ____________________

3. He complained, "The children at the school don't even have to learn a foreign language."
__________________________________________________ ____________________

4. The principal told him that foreign language programs are too expensive.
__________________________________________________ ____________________

5. The principal said, "I can't even hire enough teachers to teach the classes we have now."
__________________________________________________ ____________________

6. James also told the principal that the school was too dirty.
__________________________________________________ ____________________

7. "That's true," the principal said, "but I had to fire a custodian last month because I can't afford her."
__________________________________________________ ____________________

8. He asked James why he didn't speak to the city council about raising the school budget.
__________________________________________________ ____________________

9. James said, "I didn't know that getting a good education was so complicated."
__________________________________________________ ____________________

10. The principal said that he sympathized and hoped that James would continue his interest in quality education.
__________________________________________________ ____________________

Lesson Answer Key List of Lessons
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GLOW: Grammar Lessons On the Web
For the exclusive use of employees of the U.S. Department of State--by Tillyer Associates
GLOW Answers
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Practice #1 Indirect Speech - answers
1. James said, "I want the best education possible for my children."
_James said he wanted the best education possible for his children._

2. He told me he had met with the principal of his kids' school to ask for more classes.
_He told me, "I met with the principal of my kids' school to ask for more classes."_

3. He complained, "The children at the school don't even have to learn a foreign language."
_He complained that the children at the school didn't even have to learn a foreign language._

4. The principal told him that foreign language programs are too expensive.
_The principal told him, "Foreign language programs are too expensive."_

5. The principal said, "I can't even hire enough teachers to teach the classes we have now."
_The principal said that he couldn't even hire enough teachers to teach the classes they have now._

6. James also told the principal that the school was too dirty.
_James also told the principal, "The school is too dirty."_

7. "That's true," the principal said, "but I had to fire a custodian last month because I can't
afford her."
_That was true, the principal had said, but he said he had had to fire a custodian last week because he couldn't afford her. _

8. He asked James why he didn't speak to the city council about raising the school budget.
_He asked James, "Why don't you speak to the city council about raising the school budget?"_

9. James said, "I didn't know that getting a good education was so complicated."
_James said he hadn't known that getting a good education was so complicated._

10. The principal said that he sympathized and hoped that James would continue his interest
in quality education.
_The principal said, "I sympathize and I hope that you will continue your interest in quality education."_

Practice #1 Practice #2 List of Lessons
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GLOW: Grammar Lessons On the Web
For the exclusive use of employees of the U.S. Department of State--by Tillyer Associates
GLOW Answers
________________________________________
Practice #2 Indirect Speech - answers
Here are some statements by prominent people and ordinary people.
Example: Prime Minister I.M. Prestige said, "Our country has a responsibility to protect small countries."
Answer: Prime Minister Prestige said that his country had a responsibility to protect small countries.
1. Senator Speaks Formey said, "I want to be the president for all the people."
_Senator Formey said he wanted to be the president for all the people._
2. Mr. Ben Dubious of New York City said, "I don't trust any politicians."
_Mr. Ben Dubious of New York city said that he doesn't (didn't) trust any politicians._
3. Admiral Staie Affloat said, "The U.S. Navy is the most powerful navy in the history of the world.
_Admiral Affloat said that the U.S. Navy is (was) the most powerful navy in the history of the world._
4. Private Justin Littleguy said, "I want to do my duty in the Army and then get out as fast as I can."
_Private Littleguy said he wanted to do his duty in the Army and then (to) get out as fast as he could._
5. Secretary Rays Concerns told Time Magazine, "We are closely watching troop movements along the border of the two nations."
_Secretary Concerns told Time Magazine that they were closely watching the troop movements along the border of the two nations._
6. The CEO of Macrosoft said, "My company has changed the course of technology and made life better for everyone in the world."
_The CEO of Macrosoft said that his company had changed the course of technology and made life better for everyone in the world._
7. Rep. Cutem Downey said, "This company has thwarted competition and destroyed many smaller companies."
_Rep. Downey said that this company had thwarted competition and destroyed many smaller companies._
8. Mr. Joe User told me, "I hate this computer software, but I'm really dependent on it."
_Joe User told me that he hated this computer software, but that he was really dependent on it._
9. The leader of the rebel movement told a press conference, "All the people in our country are behind us."
_The leader of the rebel movement told a press conference that all the people in their country were behind them._
10. The president of the country said, "The rebel group is a blood-thirsty band that is gathering strength through vicious threats."
_The president of the country said the rebel group was a bloodthirsty band that was gathering strength through vicious threats._

Practice #1 Practice #2 List of Lessons
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GLOW: Grammar Lessons On the Web
For the exclusive use of employees of the U.S. Department of State--by Tillyer Associates
Embedded Questions
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An embedded question is a question that is included in another sentence.
Question Embedded Question
Who is your teacher? Could you tell me who your teacher is?
What time is it? Do you know what time it is?
When is Jim going home? I don't know when Jim is going home.
Notice the shift in the verb when you embed an information question:
1. Who is your teacher?
Could you tell me who your teacher is?
2. What time is it?
Do you know what time it is?
3. When is Jim going home?
I don't know when Jim is going home.
Use normal sentence order, not question order, with embedded questions.
Note: If the embedding question is included in a question, it is followed by a question mark. If it is in a statement, use a period.
Embedding yes/no questions
Use if or whether to embed questions that are answered with yes or no.
Question Embedded yes/no Question
Are you hungry? I asked you if you were hungry.
Do you want to stay at the party? Would you please ask Duane if he wants to stay at the party?
Am I going? Stan doesn't know whether I'm going.
Stan doesn't know whether I'm going or not.
Were you in the Army? You didn't tell me whether you were in the Army.
You didn't tell me whether you were in the Army or not.
Notice that if is usually used with only one alternative:
I asked you if you were hungry.
Would you please ask Duane if he wants to stay at the party?
Whether usually provides for more than one alternative.
Stan doesn't know whether I'm going.
Stan doesn't know whether I'm going or not.
You didn't tell me whether you were in the Army.
You didn't tell me whether you were in the Army or not.
The same is true in information questions:

Question Embedded Question
Do you want the red dress or the blue one? I don't know whether you want the red dress or the blue one.
Does Reggie plan to stay in school or get a job? Dad asked whether Reggie planned to stay in school or get a job.
Using an infinitive in an embedded question
English speakers often use an infinitive after the question word in an embedded question.
Question Embedded Question
How do you change the ink in the copier? I don't know how to change the ink in the copier.
Should I call Mr. Abbey now or wait until later? I don't know whether to call Mr. Abbey now or wait until later.
Where should we meet Carole in the morning? Ask Carole where to meet her in the morning.
Indirect Questions
Indirect questions are like indirect speech. When a question is in the present tense, it is in the past when it is embedded in a sentence. If it is in the past, it must be in the past perfect when it is embedded in a sentence.

Question Embedded Question
Do you like your job? She asked me if I liked my job.
Did you like your last job? She asked me if I had liked my last job.
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GLOW: Grammar Lessons On the Web
For the exclusive use of employees of the U.S. Department of State--by Tillyer Associates
GLOW Answers
________________________________________
Practice #1 Embedded Questions - answers
I have a friend who is planning a trip to Switzerland this summer. Here are some of the questions she asked. Make them into embedded questions.
1. I don't know if it's a long flight from New York.__________________________________
Is it a long flight from New York?
2. I'd like to know _what clothes I should bring._____________________________________
What clothes should I bring?
3. Do you know _whether it will be hot or cold in August?_____________________________
Will it be hot of cold in August?
4. I can't remember _if my passport is up to date.____________________________________
Is my passport up to date?
5. I'll ask my friend _how soon I should make my plane reservations._____________________
How soon should I make plane reservations?
6. I've got to find out _what languages they speak in Switzerland._______________________
What languages do they speak in Switzerland?
7. I don't know _what the name of their currency is.__________________________________
What is the name of their currency?
8. I don't remember _whether I'm leaving on a Friday or a Saturday.______________________
Am I leaving on a Friday or a Saturday?
9. I've got to ask the consulate _if I need a visa to go to Switzerland._____________________
Do I need a visa to go to Switzerland?
10. I wonder _if I need to get any shots.__________________________________________
Do I need to get any shots?

Practice #1 Practice #2 List of Lessons
©Tillyer Associates
GLOW: Grammar Lessons On the Web
For the exclusive use of employees of the U.S. Department of State--by Tillyer Associates
GLOW Answers
________________________________________
Practice #2 Embedded Questions
My friend Mortimer went for a job interview at a big company the other day. I asked him what the interviewer asked him. Make sentences with embedded questions.
1. She asked me _when I graduated from college.____________________________________
When did you graduate from college?
2. She wanted to know _if I liked to work with computers.______________________________
Do you like to work with computers?
3. She asked me to explain _how much money I earned at my last job._____________________
How much money did you earn at your last job?
4. She asked _how often I was late for work.________________________________________
How often are you late for work?
5. She kept asking _if I minded traveling.________________________________________ ___
Do you mind traveling?
6. She wanted to know _if I knew how to use Excel.__________________________________
Do you know how to use Excel?
7. She asked me to describe _how I would change their system there._____________________
How would you change our system here?
8. She even asked me _where I like to go for vacation.________________________________
Where do you like to go for vacation?
9. She asked _if I minded not having a private office._________________________________
Do you mind not having a private office?
10. She asked _when I could start.____________________________________________ _
When can you start?
Practice #1 Practice #2 Practice #3 List of Lessons
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