Parts of speech

[جواد عوض]

أهم بوست لى هذا العام لطلاب ٣ ث
Parts of speech أقسام الكلام

كما في كل اللغات، تتألف اللغة الانجليزية من كلمات. و هذه الكلمات بدروها تنقسم الى 8 أقسام تدعى أقسام الكلام او Parts of speech.

اولا: الاسماء Nouns

Nouns are names of persons, places, objects and ideas
الاسماء هي ما نسمي او ندعو به كل شيء حولنا من اشخاص او حيوانات او اشياء او افكار

persons: student, Gawad, mother
animals: cat, frog, horse
places: library, street, Egypt
things: desk, table, chair
ideas: friendship, love, honesty
ثانيا: Pronouns
Pronouns are words that replace a noun. Like the noun they replace, they can refer to a person, object, or idea

هي الضمائر و التي تحل عادة محل الاسماء في الجملة و ممكن ان تدل مثل الاسماء على اشخاص او اشياء او حيوانات الخ...

In Modern English the personal pronouns include: "I," "you," "he," "she," "it," "we," "they,"
Object Pronouns:" me", "him," "her," "you" ,"us" ," them"
Possessive adjectives:" my","his", " her"," its"," our","their"
Possessive pronouns: " mine",
"his","hers," "its," "theirs,"ours "

ثالثا : Verbs
Verbs are words that express action. They also indicate when the action takes place through the tense used

الافعال و هي ما نقوم به من أعمال و الافعال لها صيغ و اشكال مختلفة

examples: do/ does ( present simple)
am/ is/ are doing ( present continuous)
have/ has done ( present perfect)
-did ( past simple )
- was/were doing ( past continuous)
- had done ( past perfect )
- Will do( future simple)
- will be doing ( future continuous)
- will have done ( future perfect )
Can/could/ shall/should/may / might/ will/ would/ must/ have - has to/ had to do ( Modals )

رابعا : Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe a noun or a pronoun. An adjective could define the number, color, state, or kind of a noun or pronoun

الصفات هي الكلمات التي تصف الاسماء او الضمائر و هي تعبر عن اللون او العدد او الحالة او النوع الخ..

Number: five, ten , thirty
Color: green, red, brown
State: old, tidy, respectable
Kind: Italian, comical

تأتي الصفات عادة في اللغة الانجليزية قبل الاسماء
مثلا: red rose, hot tea, beautiful girl

و لكنها ممكن ان تأتي بعض الافعال مثل verb be مثلا:
she is beautiful
He is smart
We are happy

او بعد الافعال التي تعبر عن الحالات او كيف تبدو الاشياء linking verbs

The food tastes good
The perfume smells nice
He looks sad

Comparative adjectives

We use comparative adjectives to show change or make comparisons:

This car is certainly better, but it's much more expensive.
I'm feeling happier now.
We need a bigger garden.

We use than when we want to compare one thing with another:

She is two years older than me.
New York is much bigger than Boston.
He is a better player than Ronaldo.
France is a bigger country than Britain.

Superlative adjectives
We use the with superlative adjectives:

It was the happiest day of my life.
Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
That’s the best film I have seen this year.
I have three sisters: Jan is the oldest and Angela is the youngest.

خامسا: Adverbs

Adverbs are words that describe a verb giving additional information about when, where, or how the action occurred

هي كلمات تصف الافعال و تعطي معلومات اضافية عن متى و اين و كيف حدث الفعل

When: yearly, often, yesterday, always, usually
Where: away, down, outside, up
How: loudly, correctly, fast, slowly

Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of manner tell us how, or in what manner, something was carried out.
Here are some examples of adverbs of manner:

beautifully

generously

happily

neatly

patiently

softly

quickly

well

Adverbs of Degree

Adverbs of degree tell us more about the intensity of the verb in the sentence.
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Types of Adverbs: The Main Kinds Explained
Adverbs dress up verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Since verbs are such integral parts of our everyday language, their modifiers are also multi-faceted. To start, there are five types of adverbs you should familiarize yourself with: adverbs of degree, frequency, manner, place, and time. With these categories under your belt, you’ll be well-positioned to identify all the different types of adverbs.

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Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of manner tell us how, or in what manner, something was carried out. They mostly modify verbs and can often be found at the end of a clause or right before the word they modify. This category comprises the most common adverbs — the ones that end in -ly.

Here are some examples of adverbs of manner:

beautifully
generously
happily
neatly
patiently
softly
quickly
well
Example sentences that include these types of adverbs include:

He trimmed the white roses neatly. (How did he trim them?)
I combed my dog’s fur carefully because it had lots of tangles. (How did you comb it?)
Please discuss the topic calmly. (How should I discuss it?)
An anonymous donor generously gave us enough money for the new stage. (How did they give the money?)
The little girl skipped happily down the road. (How did she skip?)
Adverbs of Degree
Adverbs of degree tell us more about the intensity of the verb in the sentence. They describe how much, or to what degree, something happened. Adverbs of degree are often placed before the word they modify, although in some cases, they follow the word (such as the adverb "enough").

Popular adverbs of degree include:

almost
enough
hardly
just
nearly
quite
simply
so
too
Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency let us know how often something occurs.
Popular adverbs in this category include:

again

always

every (hour, day, week, year, and so on)

never

normally

rarely

seldom

sometimes

usually

Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of place tell us more about where the verb took place.
Common adverbs of place include:

above

anywhere

back

below

everywhere

here

inside

nowhere

out

outside

there

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of time detail when the verb took place.

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DICTIONARY
THESAURUS
SENTENCES
EXAMPLES
KNOWLEDGE
MORE
WORD FINDER
Types of Adverbs: The Main Kinds Explained
Adverbs dress up verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Since verbs are such integral parts of our everyday language, their modifiers are also multi-faceted. To start, there are five types of adverbs you should familiarize yourself with: adverbs of degree, frequency, manner, place, and time. With these categories under your belt, you’ll be well-positioned to identify all the different types of adverbs.

adverbs dress up verbs adjectives other adverbs
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Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of manner tell us how, or in what manner, something was carried out. They mostly modify verbs and can often be found at the end of a clause or right before the word they modify. This category comprises the most common adverbs — the ones that end in -ly.

Here are some examples of adverbs of manner:

beautifully
generously
happily
neatly
patiently
softly
quickly
well
Example sentences that include these types of adverbs include:

He trimmed the white roses neatly. (How did he trim them?)
I combed my dog’s fur carefully because it had lots of tangles. (How did you comb it?)
Please discuss the topic calmly. (How should I discuss it?)
An anonymous donor generously gave us enough money for the new stage. (How did they give the money?)
The little girl skipped happily down the road. (How did she skip?)
Adverbs of Degree
Adverbs of degree tell us more about the intensity of the verb in the sentence. They describe how much, or to what degree, something happened. Adverbs of degree are often placed before the word they modify, although in some cases, they follow the word (such as the adverb "enough").

Popular adverbs of degree include:

almost
enough
hardly
just
nearly
quite
simply
so
too
Read these sample sentences to see how adverbs of degree provide more information about the words they modify.

This short essay is hardly sufficient. (How sufficient is it?)
The dress is simply gorgeous. (How gorgeous is it?)
I’m so excited to move to Ireland. (How excited are you?)
Tori lost almost all her savings. (How much of her savings did she lose?)
The book was interesting enough to keep my attention. (How interesting was it?)
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency let us know how often something occurs. These adverbs tend to appear right before the main verb in the sentence or at the end of the clause. Popular adverbs in this category include:

again
always
every (hour, day, week, year, and so on)
never
normally
rarely
seldom
sometimes
usually
Sentences with these types of adverbs include:

I always read a book before bed. (How often do you read a book before bed?)
He normally walks his dog at this time. (How often does he walk his dog at this time?)
She usually shops at the Korean market in town. (How often does she shop there?)
We never stay up past ten o'clock. (How often do you stay up that late?)
I'd love to visit Denmark again. (How often would you like to visit?)
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Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of place tell us more about where the verb took place. Many writers confuse them with prepositions, which describe the location of nouns. While some of these words can function as prepositions, they are considered adverbs when they modify verbs. Also, prepositions are followed by objects, while adverbs of place are not.

Common adverbs of place include:

above
anywhere
back
below
everywhere
here
inside
nowhere
out
outside
there
Let’s take a look at them in action:

In Ireland, there are thatched-roof cottages everywhere. (Where are the cottages?)
There are more boxes over there. (Where are there more boxes?)
It's time for lunch, so go inside. (Where should I go?)
You can park anywhere. (Where can I park?)
Let's go back before we get lost. (Where should we go?)
Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of time detail when the verb took place. We usually see these kinds of adverbs placed at the beginning or end of a sentence. Although many prepositions can also indicate when something happened, they are always followed by objects, so you can easily tell when a word is an adverb.

Adverbs of time include:

already
earlier
immediately
lately
later
now
recently
soon
tomorrow
yesterday

سادسا: Prepositions

Prepositions are words used with nouns or pronouns to connect them with other verbs in the sentence

احرف الجر هي كلمات تستعمل مع الاسماء او الضمائر و تربطهم مع باقي اجزاء الجملة

Examples: in, on, at, from, above, behind, through, across

ملاحظة هامة: بعض احرف الجر قد تأتي adverbs في بعض الجمل. حتى تعرف اذا كانت الكلمة حرف جر او adverb نظر الى الكلمة التي بعدها. اذا كانت الكلمة اسم او ضمير عندها تكون الكلمة حرف جر اما اذا كانت غير هذا ان ان الجملة انتهت عند الكلمة المحيرة عندها تكون adverb

we went around the field
around هي حرف جر لأنه جاء بدها اسم the field

اما اذا كانت الجملة we went around
فهنا around هي adverb لأنها في آخر الجملة

سابعا: Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words that connectwords, phrases or clauses. A conjunction may be a coordinating, subordinating ora correlative conjunction
هي كلمات تقوم بربط الجمل او اجزا من الجمل ببعضها لتعطي معنى اوضح و افضل

Coordinating conjunction: and, or, but, for, so, yet, nor
subordinating conjunction: when, where, after, eventhough, because, which, whose, however
correlative conjunction, not only...but also, neither,,,nor, either....or

ثامنا: Interjunctions

An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks.

هي عبارة عن كلمات تعبر فقط عن شعور قوي او مفاجأة و عادة يكون بعدها علامة تعجب !

Examples:
Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!

تاسعا: Articles

An article is used to introduce a noun
عادة تستعمل قبل الاسم

Examples:
the, a, an

examples

The old lady was crossing the street
the = article
old = adjective
lady = noun
was = helping verb
crossing = main verb
the = article
street = noun

The clown chased a dog around the ring and then fell on her face
the = article
clown = noun
chased = verb
a = article
dog = noun
around = preposition
the = article
ring = noun
and = conjunction
then = adverb
fell = verb
on = preposition
her = pronoun
face = noun

[Ahmed Al Basyuni]

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