[عاطف خليفة]

Heat



The first law of thermodynamics

(1)

where is the heat change, dE is the energy change, is the work done, P is the pressure, dV is the volume change, T is the temperature, and dS is the entropy change, can be written at constant volume as

(2) (3) (4)

where is the heat capacity at constant pressure, is the thermal expansion coefficient, and is the isothermal bulk modulus.

At constant pressure,

(5) (6) (7) (8)

where is the heat capacity at constant volume.